Regional precipitation and temperature scenarios for climate change
نویسندگان
چکیده
To investigate the consequences of climate change on the water budget in small catchments, it is necessary to know the change of local precipitation and temperature. General Circulation Models (GCM) cannot provide regional climate parameters yet, because of their coarse resolution and imprecise modelling of precipitation. Therefore downscaling of precipitation and temperature has to be carried out from the GCM grids to a small scale of a few square kilometres. Daily rainfall and temperature are modelled as processes conditioned on atmospheric circulation. Rainfall is linked to the circulation patterns (CPs) using conditional probabilities and conditional rainfall amount distribution. Both temperature and precipitation are downscaled to several locations simultaneously taking into account the CP dependent spatial correlation. Temperature is modelled using a simple autoregressive approach, conditioned on atmospheric circulation and local areal precipitation. The model uses the classification scheme of the German Weather Service and a fuzzy rule-based classification. It was applied in the Aller catchment for validation using observed rainfall and temperature, and observed classified geopotential pressure heights. GCM scenarios of the ECHAM model were used to make climate change predictions (using classified GCM geopotential heights); simulated values agree fairly well with historical data. Results for different GCM scenarios are shown. Scénarios régionaux de précipitations et de températures dans la perspective d'un changement climatique Résumé Afin d'étudier les conséquences d'un changement climatique sur le bilan en eau de petits bassins, il est nécessaire de connaître les changements des précipitations et des températures à l'échelle locale. Les modèles de circulation générale ne peuvent pas à l'heure actuelle fournir de telles données en raison de leur résolution grossière et d'une médiocre modélisation des précipitations. Il est donc nécessaire de désagréger les précipitations et les températures depuis l'échelle du maillage des modèles de circulation générale jusqu'à une échelle de quelques kilomètres carrés. Les précipitations et températures journalières sont modélisées comme des processus conditionnés par la circulation atmosphérique. Les précipitations ont été reliées aux structures de la circulation générale en utilisant des probabilités conditionnelles et des distributions conditionnelles de hauteurs de pluie. Les précipitations comme les températures locales ont été simultanément estimées en différents lieux par une désagrégation tenant compte des corrélations spatiales existantes. La température a été modélisée en utilisant une approche autorégressive, conditionnée par la circulation générale et la précipitation spatiale locale. Le modèle utilise la typologie du service météorologique allemand et un système de classification basé sur des règles de logique floue. Le modèle a été validé sur le bassin de l'Aller, en utilisant les observations des précipitations, des températures ainsi que des champs de pression atmosphérique. Différents scénarios de circulation du modèle ECHAM ont été utilisés pour prédire les changements climatiques; les valeurs simulées s'accordent très bien avec les valeurs historiques. Les résultats correspondant à différents scénarios de modèles de circulation générale sont présentés. * This paper is dedicated to Professor Erich Plate in honour of his 70th birthday. Open for discussion until 1 February 2001 560 Andrâs Bârdossy & Jan M. C. van Mierlo
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